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William J. LeMessurier's super-tall structures : architecture/engineering

 

Architectural Record ò¼, February 1985¿¡¼­ Àοë

  

 

 

¸£¸Þ½´¸®¾îÀÇ ÃÊ°íÃþ ±¸Á¶¹°¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÌ µÎ °³ÀÇ ±â°í¹®¿¡¼­ ù ¹ø° °ÍÀº "ÀÌ»óÇüÀ» ÇâÇÑ Å½»ö"À̶õ ºÎÁ¦¸¦ ´Þ¾Ò´Âµ¥, ±× ÀÌÀ¯ÀÎ Áï, ±× ºÎÁ¦´Â °øÇÐÀÚ°¡ ±×ÀÇ ¼³°è¿¡ ±âÃÊ·Î »ï´Â ¹°¸®ÇÐ, ¹ÌÇаú °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ¿øÄ¢µéÀ» °³·«ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³»±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. µÎ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®-»ç¿ì¾²¿þ½ºÆ® ÀºÇà(ÈÞ½ºÅÏ), ÀÎÅÍÆÛ½ºÆ® ÇöóÀÚ(´Þ¶ó½º)-¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀº ù ¹ø° ±ÛÀÇ ÀϺο´´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ø ´Þ¿¡´Â ´Ù¼¸ °³ÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®µéÀÌ ´õ Á¦½ÃµÈ´Ù. ¸ðµÎ °°ÀÌ ¸ð¾Æ¼­ º»´Ù¸é, ÀÏ°ö °³ÀÇ ±¸Á¶¹°Àº ÀÏ°üµÇ°í, ¸Å¿ì ¿¬¸¶µÇ°í ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô °¨¸íÀûÀÎ ÀÛÇ°µéÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ °Ç¹°µéÀ» °øºÎÇϴµ¥´Â, °øÇаú °ÇÃàÀû ÇüÅÂÀÇ »çÀÌÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ¿¹ÀÇ ÁÖ½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì Èï¹Ì·Ó´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡¼­, ±× °ü°è´Â Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÌ´Ù.

The first of this two-part article on LeMessurier's super-tall structures was subtiltled " A search for the ideal," because it outlined priciples in the field of physics, esthetics, and economics upon which the engineer bases his designs. A presentation of two projects-the Bank of the Southwest in Houston, and the InterFirst Plaza of the Dallas Main Center-was part of that article. This month, five additional projects are shown. Seen together, the seven structures constitute a unified, highly disciplined, and remarkably eloquent series. In studying these buildings, it is interesting to consider the relationship between the engineering and architectural form. In most ways, the relationship is direct.

 

Æò¸é¿¡ °üÇؼ­´Â, ±¸Á¶Ã¼ÀÇ ¹èÄ¡´Â »ç¿ë¼º¿¡ µû¸¥ °ø°£ÀÇ ºÐÇÒ¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÑ´Ù, »ç½ÇÀº ±× ºÐÇÒÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. °¢±â ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ ±¸Á¶Ã¼´Â ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼ °¡Áö ¿µ¿ªÀÇ Çϳª³ª ±× ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ÇØ´çµÈ´Ù : °Ç¹°ÀÇ ¿ÜÇÇ ; »ç¹«½ÇÀÇ ¹Ù±ù ÂÊÀÇ ³»ºÎ °ñÁ¶ ; ÄÚ¾îÀÇ °æ°èºÎ.

With regard to plan, the placement of the structures corresponds, in fact marks, the partition of space according to use. The structure of each project falls into one or more of three zones : the building envelops ; the inner dimension of the outer zone of offices ; the boundary of the core.

 

À̹ø ´Þ ±Û¿¡¼­ ±â¼úµÉ ¿¬¹æ¿¹ºñÀºÇàÀº ±¸Á¶Ã¼¸¦ °Ç¹°ÀÇ ¿ÜÇÇ·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ ¿¹Àε¥, ¿©±â¼­ ±âµÕ°ú º® ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¸ðµÎ ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î ´ÜÀýµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¹«½Ç ¹Ù´ÚÀÇ ±¸Á¶ÀûÀÎ ±âÃʸ¦ Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ÀÎÅÍÆÛ½ºÆ® ÇöóÀÚ¿¡¼­ ±âµÕÀº µÎ ¹æÇâ °­°ñÁ¶Ã³·³ Æ®·¯½º·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇϴµ¥, ÁÖ¿äÇÑ »ç¹«¼Ò ÀÓ´ë°ø°£ÀÇ ¶ì¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¿ÜÇÇ¿¡¼­ 20ÇÇÆ® ¾ÈÂÊ¿¡ ¹èÄ¡µÇ¾ú´Ù. »ç¿ì¾²¿þ½ºÆ® ÀºÇàó·³ ´ÙÃþ ´ë°¢°¡»õ°¡ Àü´Ü½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¸¹Àº ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡¼­, ´ë°¢°¡»õµéÀÇ ±³Â÷ºÎ´Â °Ç¹°ÀÇ Äھ ±ÔÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ȤÀº, ½Ì°¡Æú Æ®·¹Á®¸® °Ç¹°ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡¼­´Â ÄÚ¾î º® ±× ÀÚü°¡ ÁÖµÈ ±¸Á¶Ã¼ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, ÀÏ°ö °³ÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® °¢°¢¿¡¼­, ¸ðµç ±¸Á¶ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀº ±â´É¿¡ µû¸¥ °ø°£ÀÇ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ºÐÇÒ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ´Ù.

The Federal Reserve Bank, described later in this article, exemplifies the use of structure as envelope where both columns and wall system form the structural basis of a totally uninterrupted office floor. In the InterFirst Plaza of the Dallas Main Center the columns, working with the trusses as a two-way rigid frame, were placed 20 feet inside the envelope to define the primary band of office rental space. In a number of projects where multi-floor diagonal bracing is used as a shear system, such as in the Bank of the Southwest, their intersection defines the buildings' cores. Or, in the case of the Singapore Treasury Building, also described in this article, the core wall itself is the primary structure. Thus, in each of the seven projects, all structural elements participate in the rational division of space according to function.

 

¹°·Ð, °¢±â ±¸Á¶Ã¼ÀÇ ºÎÇÇÀûÀÎ ÇüÅ´ ±× °Ç¹°ÀÇ ÃÖÁ¾ ¸Å½º¸¦ ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù-¸¶Ãµ·çµéÀº ºôº¸µå °ÇÃàó·³ ÀÚ±â ÀڽŵéÀÌ ´Ù·ç¾îÁöµµ·Ï ³»¹ö·ÁµÎÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ´ú Á¶Á÷È­µÈ, µû¶ó¼­ ´õ¿í ¸¹Àº Çؼ®ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ü°è°¡ ±¸Á¶Ã¼ÀÇ ÀÔ¸é°ú °Ç¹° ÆÄ»çµåÀÇ "¸ð¾ç" »çÀÌ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇϴµ¥, ÆÄ»çµå´Â ±¸Á¶ ¿ä¼ÒÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ºÐ¹æÇÑ ³ëÃâ·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇؼ­ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÃßÃøºÒ°¡´ÉÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ºÒ¸í·áÇÒ Á¤µµ ±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù.

Of course, the volumetric form of each structure strictly outlines the final massing for its building-skyscrapers do not lend themselves to treatment as billboard architecture. A less regimented, and therefore more interpretative, relationship exists between the structural elevation and "figuration" of the facade that ranges from the literal exposure of structural elements to total obscuration.

 

Áö³­ ´Þ¿¡ º¸¿©µå¸° ÀÎÅÍÆÛ½ºÆ® ÇöóÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì, ¸í·áÇÏ°í, ¹Ýº¹ÀûÀÎ °­°ñÁ¶ ±¸Á¶Ã¼ÀÇ ¸ðµâÀº ºñ·Ï ¿ÜÇÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ µ¤¿©ÀÖ±â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, Ä¿Æ°¿ùÀÇ ¹Ý»çÀ¯¸®¿¡ ¹Ý¿µµÇ¾î ºñÃß¾îÁø´Ù. ´º¿å¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿¬¹æ¿¹ºñÀºÇàÀÇ ÆÄ»çµå´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ±¸Á¶¿¡ ´õ Áø½ÇµÇ°í ±× °Ç¹°ÀÇ °øÇп¡¼­´Â ´õ ¿ªµ¿ÀûÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡¼­, ±âµÕ°ú ³»·Âº® ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ³¢¿ò ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ °¡Áø ÆÄ»çµå ±× ÀÚüÀÌ´Ù-"°üÇö¾ÇÀÇ Á¦2 ¹ÙÀ̿ø°"¿¡¼­ õ°øÀÌ º¯È­ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ. ±×·¯³ª ³ªÁß¿¡ ±â¼úµÉ ½ÃƼÄß°ú °°Àº °Ç¹°ÀÇ ÆÄ»çµå´Â ¶Ù¾î³­ ±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ÅÀÇ ¾Ï½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ³× °³ÀÇ ±âµÕÀÌ ±âÃʺο¡¼­ ³ëÃâµÇ¾îÀÖ°í Æ®·£½ºÆÛ º¸(Æ®·¯½º)°¡ ¸Ç ¾Æ·¡Ãþ ¹Ù´ÚÃþ¿¡ µÑ·¯½×¿©Á® ÀÖ´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ¼­Á¤ÀûÀÌ°í À¯·ÁÇÑ 8°³Ãþ »ï°¢Çü °¡»õ´Â ºù µÑ·¯½Ñ Ç¥ÇÇ ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ¹¯ÇôÀÖ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ¿ì¾ÆÇÑ ±¸Á¶¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â °Ç¹°ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×°ÍÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÒ Àǹ«´Â ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ¹Ì½ºÅ׸®¿Í °°Àº ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ Èï¹Ô°Å¸®°¡ ½ÃƼÄß°ú °°Àº ´ÙÃþ »ï°¢Çü ¸ðµâÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸£¸Þ½´¸®¾îÀÇ ³× °³ÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡¼­ °è¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ½Ã½ºÅÛµéÀº ÁÖµÈ °¡»õ ±¸Á¶·Î ±× ¾È¿¡ ÀÌÂ÷ÀûÀÎ ±¸Á¶ÀÎ ¹Ù´ÚÆÇÀ» µÑ·¯½ÓÀ¸·Î½á ÇüÅÂÀÇ Á¶È­¸¦ ÀÌ·ê ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´©±¸µçÁö ±Ã±ÝÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸¸¾à ±¸Á¶Ã¼ÀÇ ¸®µëÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù¸é ¾î¶² ½ºÅ¸ÀÏÀÇ ÆÄ»çµå°¡ ³ªÅ¸³¯ °ÍÀΰ¡, ȤÀº ¾î¶² ³»ºÎÀÇ °ø°£ Çü»óÀÌ Á¦¾ÈµÉ °ÍÀΰ¡ÀÌ´Ù.

In the case of the InterFirst Plaza shown last month, the serene, repetitive module of the rigid frame structure, though covered, is echoed in the reflective glass curtain wall. The facade of the Federal Reserve Bank in New York is even more true to the structure and more dynamic in its engineering. In this project, the columns and structural wall system are the facade, with infill elements-such as the fenestration that varies in "second fiddle." But a building like Citicorp, which is discussed here, reveals very little about its eloquent structure. While the four columns are exposed at the base, and the transfer beam(truss) is articulated, the lyric eight-story triangular braces are buried beneath the wraparound skin. Of course, a building possessing a graceful structure is not obligated to express it. However, an intrigue persists with the four projects in LeMessurier's series that, like Citicorp, incorporate a multi-story, triangulated module. These systems possess a harmony of form overlapping of a secondary structure(the floors) within the primary structure of the bracing. And one wonders what style of facade might emerge if the rhythm of the sturcture were expressed, or what interior spatial configuration might be suggested.

 

¸£¸Þ½´¸®¾îÀÇ ÀÏ°ö °³ÀÇ ÃÊ°íÃþ °Ç¹°µéÀº ±×°¡ ½ºÅ¸Àϸ®½ºÆ®ÀÓÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ À¯ÇàÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù´Â Àǹ̿¡¼­ ±×·± °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Â÷¶ó¸®, ±×°ÍµéÀº ±×ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÇüÅÂ-âÁ¶Àڷμ­ÀÇ ¼ºÇâ°ú ÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ Èû, ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ®¿Í °­ÀÇ Æ¯¼º, ±â´ÉÀÌ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ÇüÅÂ, ±×¸®°í °æÁ¦¼ºÀ̶õ Àǹ«»çÇ× »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ÀÇ Å¸Çù¾ÈÀ» ÇâÇÑ Å½»ö¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÈ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ãÌï×À» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ôµµ ±â¿¹ÀÖ´Â ±â¼úÀÚ¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÏÇÏ´Â °ÇÃà°¡¶ó¸é ´©±¸µçÁö ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¼³°è Çù·ÂÀÚ¸¦ ¾ò°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº °ÇÃà¹äÀ» ¸Ô¾î º» À̶ó¸é ´©±¸µçÁö »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.

The seven super-tall buildings by LeMessurier show him to be a stylist, but not in the sense that they demonstrate a fashionable flair. Rather, they speak of his personal approach as a form-giver, and of a unique poetry resulting from one man's search for a resolution between the forces of nature, the character of concrete and steel, the requisite form of a function, and the imperative of economy. One can imagine that an architect who works with this highly accomplished engineer has a true design collaborator.

 

Darl Rastorfer